Quick Overview

This quick overview walks you through a complete wind resource assessment workflow in PyWAsP. By the end, you’ll have calculated the annual energy production (AEP) for wind turbines at a real site.

Note

Make sure you have PyWAsP installed and your license configured (pywasp configure) before starting.

Import Libraries

import pywasp as pw
import windkit as wk

Get Tutorial Data

Download tutorial data for the Serra Santa Luzia site in Portugal:

path = wk.get_tutorial_data("serra_santa_luzia")

The tutorial data folder contains:

• bwc.omwc - Observed wind climate (WAsP format)

• SerraSantaLuzia.map - Elevation and roughness (WAsP map format)

• turbines.csv - Turbine positions

• Bonus1MW.wtg - Turbine power curve (WAsP format)

Create a Topography Map

Read elevation and roughness from the WAsP map file:

elev = wk.read_elevation_map(path / "SerraSantaLuzia.map")
rgh = wk.read_roughness_map(path / "SerraSantaLuzia.map")
topo_map = pw.wasp.TopographyMap(elev, rgh)

Generalize the Wind Climate

Load the observed wind climate, reproject to match the map CRS, and remove terrain effects:

bwc = wk.read_bwc(path / "bwc.omwc", crs="EPSG:4326")
bwc = wk.spatial.reproject(bwc, "EPSG:32629")
gwc = pw.wasp.generalize(bwc, topo_map)
gwc

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 4kB
Dimensions:        (point: 1, sector: 12, gen_roughness: 5, gen_height: 5)
Coordinates:
    height         (point) float64 8B 25.3
    south_north    (point) float64 8B 4.621e+06
    west_east      (point) float64 8B 5.147e+05
  * sector         (sector) float64 96B 0.0 30.0 60.0 90.0 ... 270.0 300.0 330.0
    sector_ceil    (sector) float64 96B 15.0 45.0 75.0 ... 285.0 315.0 345.0
    sector_floor   (sector) float64 96B 345.0 15.0 45.0 ... 255.0 285.0 315.0
  * gen_roughness  (gen_roughness) float64 40B 0.0 0.03 0.1 0.4 1.5
  * gen_height     (gen_height) int64 40B 10 25 50 100 250
    crs            int8 1B 0
Dimensions without coordinates: point
Data variables:
    A              (sector, gen_height, gen_roughness, point) float32 1kB 5.6...
    k              (sector, gen_height, gen_roughness, point) float32 1kB 1.7...
    wdfreq         (sector, gen_height, gen_roughness, point) float32 1kB 0.0...
    site_elev      (point) float32 4B 381.0
Attributes:
    Conventions:      CF-1.8
    history:          2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00:\twindkit==2.0.0\tcreate_data...
    description:      SerraSantaluzia
    Package name:     windkit
    Package version:  2.0.0
    Creation date:    2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00
    Object type:      Geostrophic Wind Climate
    author:           Neil Davis
    author_email:     neda@dtu.dk
    institution:      DTU Wind and Energy Systems
    title:            Generalized wind climate

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • point: 1
  • sector: 12
  • gen_roughness: 5
  • gen_height: 5
• Coordinates: (9)
  • height
    (point)
    float64
    25.3

    URI :

    axis :

    Z

    description :

    It is the height above ground either related to the measurements or to the hub of a turbine.

    long_name :

    Height above ground

    standard_name :

    height

    units :

    m

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([25.3])

  • south_north
    (point)
    float64
    4.621e+06

    URI :

    axis :

    Y

    description :

    Positive northward direction in projected coordinates (meters).

    long_name :

    Projected south to north coordinate

    standard_name :

    projection_y_coordinate

    units :

    m

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([4620969.95467126])

  • west_east
    (point)
    float64
    5.147e+05

    URI :

    axis :

    X

    description :

    Positive eastward direction in projected coordinates (meters).

    long_name :

    Projected west to east coordinate

    standard_name :

    projection_x_coordinate

    units :

    m

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([514679.73127523])

  • sector
    (sector)
    float64
    0.0 30.0 60.0 ... 270.0 300.0 330.0

    ancillary_variables :

    sector_ceil sector_floor

    description :

    A sector identifies a given range of wind directions binned around a central value , in a wind rose, to classify where the wind blows from.

    long_name :

    Wind direction binned into sectors (center value)

    standard_name :

    wind_from_direction

    units :

    degree

    array([  0.,  30.,  60.,  90., 120., 150., 180., 210., 240., 270., 300., 330.])

  • sector_ceil
    (sector)
    float64
    15.0 45.0 75.0 ... 315.0 345.0

    description :

    The sector ceiling is the bin edge value in clockwise direction.

    long_name :

    Wind direction binned into sectors (clockwise edge value)

    standard_name :

    wind_from_direction

    units :

    degree

    array([ 15.,  45.,  75., 105., 135., 165., 195., 225., 255., 285., 315.,
           345.])

  • sector_floor
    (sector)
    float64
    345.0 15.0 45.0 ... 285.0 315.0

    description :

    The sector floor is the bin edge value in counter-clockwise direction.

    long_name :

    Wind direction binned into sectors (counter-clockwise edge value)

    standard_name :

    wind_from_direction

    units :

    degree

    array([345.,  15.,  45.,  75., 105., 135., 165., 195., 225., 255., 285.,
           315.])

  • gen_roughness
    (gen_roughness)
    float64
    0.0 0.03 0.1 0.4 1.5

    description :

    it is the roughness related to the generalized height. JABA: or "It is the standard roughness for which the wind is generalized".

    long_name :

    Generalized roughness over infinite area

    standard_name :

    surface_roughness_length

    units :

    m

    array([0.  , 0.03, 0.1 , 0.4 , 1.5 ])

  • gen_height
    (gen_height)
    int64
    10 25 50 100 250

    description :

    Standard height above the ground at which the wind is generalised

    long_name :

    Generalized Height above flat surface

    units :

    m

    array([ 10,  25,  50, 100, 250])

  • crs
    ()
    int8
    0

    crs_wkt :

    PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 29N",BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",ENSEMBLE["World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble",MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (Transit)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G730)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G873)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G1150)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G1674)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G1762)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G2139)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G2296)"],ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],ENSEMBLEACCURACY[2.0]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],ID["EPSG",4326]],CONVERSION["UTM zone 29N",METHOD["Transverse Mercator",ID["EPSG",9807]],PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],ID["EPSG",8801]],PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",-9,ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],ID["EPSG",8802]],PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,SCALEUNIT["unity",1],ID["EPSG",8805]],PARAMETER["False easting",500000,LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],ID["EPSG",8806]],PARAMETER["False northing",0,LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],ID["EPSG",8807]]],CS[Cartesian,2],AXIS["(E)",east,ORDER[1],LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],AXIS["(N)",north,ORDER[2],LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],USAGE[SCOPE["Navigation and medium accuracy spatial referencing."],AREA["Between 12°W and 6°W, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Algeria. Côte D'Ivoire (Ivory Coast). Faroe Islands. Guinea. Ireland. Jan Mayen. Liberia, Mali. Mauritania. Morocco. Portugal. Sierra Leone. Spain. United Kingdom (UK). Western Sahara."],BBOX[0,-12.01,84.01,-6]],ID["EPSG",32629]]

    semi_major_axis :

    6378137.0

    semi_minor_axis :

    6356752.314245179

    inverse_flattening :

    298.257223563

    reference_ellipsoid_name :

    WGS 84

    longitude_of_prime_meridian :

    0.0

    prime_meridian_name :

    Greenwich

    geographic_crs_name :

    WGS 84

    horizontal_datum_name :

    World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble

    projected_crs_name :

    WGS 84 / UTM zone 29N

    grid_mapping_name :

    transverse_mercator

    latitude_of_projection_origin :

    0.0

    longitude_of_central_meridian :

    -9.0

    false_easting :

    500000.0

    false_northing :

    0.0

    scale_factor_at_central_meridian :

    0.9996

    long_name :

    CRS definition

    spatial_ref :

    PROJCS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 29N",GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]],PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],PARAMETER["central_meridian",-9],PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],PARAMETER["false_northing",0],UNIT["metre",1,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]],AXIS["Easting",EAST],AXIS["Northing",NORTH],AUTHORITY["EPSG","32629"]]

    array(0, dtype=int8)

• Data variables: (4)
  • A
    (sector, gen_height, gen_roughness, point)
    float32
    5.69 4.617 4.068 ... 7.236 6.827

    description :

    Scale parameter in the Weibull distribution

    long_name :

    Weibull-scale parameter of wind distribution

    standard_name :

    weibull_scale_parameter

    units :

    m s-1

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([[[[ 5.689884 ],
             [ 4.616711 ],
             [ 4.0675974],
             [ 3.2561898],
             [ 2.226652 ]],
    
            [[ 6.2997427],
             [ 5.411476 ],
             [ 4.937134 ],
             [ 4.2350397],
             [ 3.3436143]],
    
            [[ 6.8665447],
             [ 6.0721   ],
             [ 5.651104 ],
             [ 5.028459 ],
             [ 4.2381277]],
    
            [[ 7.5644746],
             [ 6.8141236],
    ...
             [ 4.477211 ],
             [ 3.6302545]],
    
            [[ 6.466429 ],
             [ 6.1070957],
             [ 5.7721133],
             [ 5.2574615],
             [ 4.5455837]],
    
            [[ 6.9275517],
             [ 6.7625847],
             [ 6.4885807],
             [ 6.0700994],
             [ 5.488556 ]],
    
            [[ 7.6337743],
             [ 7.7093143],
             [ 7.523562 ],
             [ 7.2360344],
             [ 6.827314 ]]]], dtype=float32)

  • k
    (sector, gen_height, gen_roughness, point)
    float32
    1.717 1.826 1.842 ... 1.967 2.01

    description :

    Form parameter in the Weibull distribution identify the shape of the distribution. This can be connected to characteristics of theterrain surrounding themeasuring masts

    long_name :

    Weibull-shape parameter of wind distribution

    standard_name :

    weibull_shape_parameter

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([[[[1.7167969],
             [1.8261719],
             [1.8417969],
             [1.8769531],
             [1.9433594]],
    
            [[1.8183594],
             [1.9003906],
             [1.9160156],
             [1.9511719],
             [2.0253906]],
    
            [[1.9902344],
             [2.0175781],
             [2.0292969],
             [2.0683594],
             [2.1464844]],
    
            [[1.9003906],
             [2.0527344],
    ...
             [2.0761719],
             [2.1152344]],
    
            [[1.9667969],
             [2.1699219],
             [2.1816406],
             [2.1855469],
             [2.2167969]],
    
            [[1.8574219],
             [2.1113281],
             [2.1542969],
             [2.1894531],
             [2.2363281]],
    
            [[1.6855469],
             [1.9160156],
             [1.9394531],
             [1.9667969],
             [2.0097656]]]], dtype=float32)

  • wdfreq
    (sector, gen_height, gen_roughness, point)
    float32
    0.06491 0.06376 ... 0.07613 0.07555

    description :

    Frequency of occurance for each wind direction bin/sector

    long_name :

    Relative frequency per wind_direction over time and wind_speed

    short_name :

    wd_bin_freq

    units :

    `1`

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([[[[0.06491096],
             [0.06376056],
             [0.06363352],
             [0.06244884],
             [0.0601683 ]],
    
            [[0.06491096],
             [0.06376056],
             [0.06363352],
             [0.06244884],
             [0.0601683 ]],
    
            [[0.06491096],
             [0.06376056],
             [0.06363352],
             [0.06244884],
             [0.0601683 ]],
    
            [[0.06491096],
             [0.06376056],
    ...
             [0.07612682],
             [0.0755484 ]],
    
            [[0.07684979],
             [0.07599536],
             [0.07643937],
             [0.07612682],
             [0.0755484 ]],
    
            [[0.07684979],
             [0.07599536],
             [0.07643937],
             [0.07612682],
             [0.0755484 ]],
    
            [[0.07684979],
             [0.07599536],
             [0.07643937],
             [0.07612682],
             [0.0755484 ]]]], dtype=float32)

  • site_elev
    (point)
    float32
    381.0

    description :

    height above sea level of a point on the surface of an orographic element e.g. hill, mountain

    long_name :

    Terrain Elevation

    standard_name :

    ground_level_altitude

    units :

    m

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([381.01132], dtype=float32)

• Attributes: (11)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  history :

  2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 create_dataset(west_east, south_north, height, crs).drop_vars("output") 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 return _freqs_to_dataset(ws_freq, wd_freq, ws_bins, **kwargs) 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 wk.read_bwc(path / "bwc.omwc", crs="EPSG:4326") 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 _spatial_stack(output_locs, self.elev_map.crs).load() 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 _spatial_unstack(work_locs) 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 topo_map.get_site_effects(bwc, conf, n_sectors=n_sectors) 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 wksp._spatial_stack(site_effects) 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 wksp._spatial_unstack(wc) 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 generalize_from_site_effects( 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 pw.wasp.generalize(bwc, topo_map)

  description :

  SerraSantaluzia

  Package name :

  windkit

  Package version :

  2.0.0

  Creation date :

  2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00

  Object type :

  Geostrophic Wind Climate

  author :

  Neil Davis

  author_email :

  neda@dtu.dk

  institution :

  DTU Wind and Energy Systems

  title :

  Generalized wind climate

Predict Wind Climate at Turbines

Load turbine positions and downscale the wind climate:

turbines = wk.read_wind_turbines(path / "turbines.csv", crs="EPSG:32629")
wwc = pw.wasp.downscale(gwc, topo_map, output_locs=turbines)
wwc

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 3kB
Dimensions:        (sector: 12, point: 15)
Coordinates:
  * sector         (sector) float64 96B 0.0 30.0 60.0 90.0 ... 270.0 300.0 330.0
    sector_ceil    (sector) float64 96B 15.0 45.0 75.0 ... 285.0 315.0 345.0
    sector_floor   (sector) float64 96B 345.0 15.0 45.0 ... 255.0 285.0 315.0
    height         (point) int64 120B 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 ... 50 50 50 50 50 50
    south_north    (point) int64 120B 4622313 4622199 ... 4624252 4624142
    west_east      (point) int64 120B 513914 514161 514425 ... 516060 516295
    turbine_id     (point) int64 120B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
    group_id       (point) int64 120B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    wtg_key        (point) object 120B 'Bonus 1MW' 'Bonus 1MW' ... 'Bonus 1MW'
    crs            int8 1B 0
Dimensions without coordinates: point
Data variables:
    A              (sector, point) float32 720B 7.428 7.399 7.054 ... 7.75 8.305
    k              (sector, point) float32 720B 2.029 2.037 ... 2.127 2.123
    wdfreq         (sector, point) float32 720B 0.06445 0.06485 ... 0.0792
    site_elev      (point) float32 60B 459.7 460.0 460.0 ... 520.0 520.0 520.0
    air_density    (point) float32 60B 1.163 1.163 1.163 ... 1.156 1.156 1.156
    wspd           (point) float32 60B 7.435 7.257 6.978 ... 7.548 7.818 8.102
    power_density  (point) float32 60B 414.6 385.4 340.9 ... 426.1 481.9 532.1
Attributes:
    Conventions:      CF-1.8
    history:          2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00:\twindkit==2.0.0\tcreate_data...
    title:            WAsP site effects
    Package name:     windkit
    Package version:  2.0.0
    Creation date:    2026-01-29T14:38:54+00:00
    Object type:      Met fields
    author:           Neil Davis
    author_email:     neda@dtu.dk
    institution:      DTU Wind and Energy Systems

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • sector: 12
  • point: 15
• Coordinates: (10)
  • sector
    (sector)
    float64
    0.0 30.0 60.0 ... 270.0 300.0 330.0

    ancillary_variables :

    sector_ceil sector_floor

    description :

    A sector identifies a given range of wind directions binned around a central value , in a wind rose, to classify where the wind blows from.

    long_name :

    Wind direction binned into sectors (center value)

    standard_name :

    wind_from_direction

    units :

    degree

    array([  0.,  30.,  60.,  90., 120., 150., 180., 210., 240., 270., 300., 330.])

  • sector_ceil
    (sector)
    float64
    15.0 45.0 75.0 ... 315.0 345.0

    description :

    The sector ceiling is the bin edge value in clockwise direction.

    long_name :

    Wind direction binned into sectors (clockwise edge value)

    standard_name :

    wind_from_direction

    units :

    degree

    array([ 15.,  45.,  75., 105., 135., 165., 195., 225., 255., 285., 315.,
           345.])

  • sector_floor
    (sector)
    float64
    345.0 15.0 45.0 ... 285.0 315.0

    description :

    The sector floor is the bin edge value in counter-clockwise direction.

    long_name :

    Wind direction binned into sectors (counter-clockwise edge value)

    standard_name :

    wind_from_direction

    units :

    degree

    array([345.,  15.,  45.,  75., 105., 135., 165., 195., 225., 255., 285.,
           315.])

  • height
    (point)
    int64
    50 50 50 50 50 ... 50 50 50 50 50

    URI :

    axis :

    Z

    description :

    It is the height above ground either related to the measurements or to the hub of a turbine.

    long_name :

    Height above ground

    standard_name :

    height

    units :

    m

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50])

  • south_north
    (point)
    int64
    4622313 4622199 ... 4624252 4624142

    URI :

    axis :

    Y

    description :

    Positive northward direction in projected coordinates (meters).

    long_name :

    Projected south to north coordinate

    standard_name :

    projection_y_coordinate

    units :

    m

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([4622313, 4622199, 4622336, 4622733, 4622683, 4622617, 4621743,
           4622164, 4622558, 4622605, 4623662, 4624074, 4624146, 4624252,
           4624142])

  • west_east
    (point)
    int64
    513914 514161 ... 516060 516295

    URI :

    axis :

    X

    description :

    Positive eastward direction in projected coordinates (meters).

    long_name :

    Projected west to east coordinate

    standard_name :

    projection_x_coordinate

    units :

    m

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([513914, 514161, 514425, 513537, 513295, 513058, 515340, 515892,
           515988, 514808, 515711, 515550, 515808, 516060, 516295])

  • turbine_id
    (point)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14])

  • group_id
    (point)
    int64
    0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])

  • wtg_key
    (point)
    object
    'Bonus 1MW' ... 'Bonus 1MW'

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array(['Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW',
           'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW',
           'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW'],
          dtype=object)

  • crs
    ()
    int8
    0

    crs_wkt :

    PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 29N",BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",ENSEMBLE["World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble",MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (Transit)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G730)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G873)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G1150)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G1674)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G1762)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G2139)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G2296)"],ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],ENSEMBLEACCURACY[2.0]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],ID["EPSG",4326]],CONVERSION["UTM zone 29N",METHOD["Transverse Mercator",ID["EPSG",9807]],PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],ID["EPSG",8801]],PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",-9,ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],ID["EPSG",8802]],PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,SCALEUNIT["unity",1],ID["EPSG",8805]],PARAMETER["False easting",500000,LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],ID["EPSG",8806]],PARAMETER["False northing",0,LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],ID["EPSG",8807]]],CS[Cartesian,2],AXIS["(E)",east,ORDER[1],LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],AXIS["(N)",north,ORDER[2],LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],USAGE[SCOPE["Navigation and medium accuracy spatial referencing."],AREA["Between 12°W and 6°W, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Algeria. Côte D'Ivoire (Ivory Coast). Faroe Islands. Guinea. Ireland. Jan Mayen. Liberia, Mali. Mauritania. Morocco. Portugal. Sierra Leone. Spain. United Kingdom (UK). Western Sahara."],BBOX[0,-12.01,84.01,-6]],ID["EPSG",32629]]

    semi_major_axis :

    6378137.0

    semi_minor_axis :

    6356752.314245179

    inverse_flattening :

    298.257223563

    reference_ellipsoid_name :

    WGS 84

    longitude_of_prime_meridian :

    0.0

    prime_meridian_name :

    Greenwich

    geographic_crs_name :

    WGS 84

    horizontal_datum_name :

    World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble

    projected_crs_name :

    WGS 84 / UTM zone 29N

    grid_mapping_name :

    transverse_mercator

    latitude_of_projection_origin :

    0.0

    longitude_of_central_meridian :

    -9.0

    false_easting :

    500000.0

    false_northing :

    0.0

    scale_factor_at_central_meridian :

    0.9996

    long_name :

    CRS definition

    spatial_ref :

    PROJCS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 29N",GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]],PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],PARAMETER["central_meridian",-9],PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],PARAMETER["false_northing",0],UNIT["metre",1,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]],AXIS["Easting",EAST],AXIS["Northing",NORTH],AUTHORITY["EPSG","32629"]]

    array(0, dtype=int8)

• Data variables: (7)
  • A
    (sector, point)
    float32
    7.428 7.399 7.054 ... 7.75 8.305

    description :

    Scale parameter in the Weibull distribution

    long_name :

    Weibull-scale parameter of wind distribution

    standard_name :

    weibull_scale_parameter

    units :

    m s-1

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([[ 7.428427 ,  7.3993597,  7.054277 ,  7.383629 ,  7.392773 ,
             7.47732  ,  6.378037 ,  6.5340276,  6.593495 ,  6.698872 ,
             6.7483773,  7.312407 ,  7.3622074,  7.891347 ,  8.042028 ],
           [ 7.3071914,  7.050168 ,  6.5863028,  6.556441 ,  6.4496098,
             6.6163797,  6.351493 ,  6.341818 ,  6.5265994,  6.206694 ,
             6.4824495,  7.3304477,  7.0114813,  7.3715196,  7.244424 ],
           [ 6.9905043,  6.6078577,  6.1733375,  5.866    ,  5.857501 ,
             6.106337 ,  6.798545 ,  7.016764 ,  7.1703877,  5.9050674,
             6.5247183,  7.179434 ,  6.844687 ,  6.9160094,  6.796746 ],
           [ 7.1610813,  6.8104706,  6.5742292,  6.1867423,  6.526578 ,
             6.6001654,  7.67919  ,  8.322051 ,  8.358063 ,  6.3976107,
             7.1859007,  7.2943077,  7.094398 ,  6.9776096,  7.2540407],
           [ 8.150756 ,  7.9933233,  7.845679 ,  7.943362 ,  8.415999 ,
             8.333041 ,  8.467677 ,  9.411315 ,  9.595853 ,  7.778795 ,
             8.587116 ,  8.456668 ,  8.615234 ,  8.505437 ,  9.178368 ],
           [ 8.749221 ,  8.749811 ,  8.672105 ,  9.327633 ,  9.74077  ,
             9.550055 ,  8.122464 ,  8.602339 ,  8.742943 ,  8.40619  ,
             8.845363 ,  8.794575 ,  9.025757 ,  9.236385 ,  9.895775 ],
           [10.067716 , 10.003527 ,  9.524647 , 10.155929 , 10.101605 ,
            10.269037 ,  8.269422 ,  8.36033  ,  8.594706 ,  9.000209 ,
             9.175491 , 10.035488 ,  9.965812 , 10.699754 , 10.987562 ],
           [ 9.891811 ,  9.461939 ,  8.826527 ,  8.889138 ,  8.777729 ,
             9.261513 ,  8.467717 ,  8.552132 ,  8.86669  ,  8.43431  ,
             8.990649 , 10.174109 ,  9.796212 , 10.594283 , 10.555011 ],
           [ 9.070547 ,  8.570504 ,  8.035522 ,  7.784405 ,  7.8773375,
             8.329213 ,  9.024    ,  9.3749695,  9.668115 ,  7.95169  ,
             8.882344 ,  9.532342 ,  9.213321 ,  9.596096 ,  9.746174 ],
           [ 8.385978 ,  8.0908165,  7.8516645,  7.225037 ,  7.7815123,
             8.018052 ,  9.396046 , 10.119218 , 10.196709 ,  7.7735333,
             8.68651  ,  8.526965 ,  8.601359 ,  8.584331 ,  9.086052 ],
           [ 7.429574 ,  7.409475 ,  7.3609543,  7.3977733,  8.023796 ,
             7.916681 ,  8.40752  ,  8.870408 ,  8.822767 ,  7.3344183,
             8.05778  ,  7.7777123,  7.9522667,  7.889876 ,  8.6228075],
           [ 7.032578 ,  7.214493 ,  7.1865907,  7.4476314,  7.900236 ,
             7.801881 ,  7.033816 ,  7.4093738,  7.47311  ,  6.829048 ,
             7.2996254,  7.359388 ,  7.519313 ,  7.7497993,  8.304881 ]],
          dtype=float32)

  • k
    (sector, point)
    float32
    2.029 2.037 2.041 ... 2.127 2.123

    description :

    Form parameter in the Weibull distribution identify the shape of the distribution. This can be connected to characteristics of theterrain surrounding themeasuring masts

    long_name :

    Weibull-shape parameter of wind distribution

    standard_name :

    weibull_shape_parameter

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([[2.0292969, 2.0371094, 2.0410156, 2.0449219, 2.0449219, 2.0371094,
            2.0332031, 2.0371094, 2.0371094, 2.0410156, 2.0371094, 2.0332031,
            2.0371094, 2.0410156, 2.0488281],
           [2.3769531, 2.3808594, 2.3847656, 2.3730469, 2.3847656, 2.3886719,
            2.3652344, 2.3730469, 2.3574219, 2.3847656, 2.3847656, 2.3652344,
            2.3847656, 2.3886719, 2.3886719],
           [2.4902344, 2.4941406, 2.4980469, 2.4941406, 2.4941406, 2.4941406,
            2.4785156, 2.4667969, 2.4707031, 2.5019531, 2.4902344, 2.4980469,
            2.4980469, 2.4902344, 2.5019531],
           [2.3222656, 2.3222656, 2.3261719, 2.3261719, 2.3222656, 2.3222656,
            2.3261719, 2.3105469, 2.3183594, 2.3300781, 2.3300781, 2.3261719,
            2.3339844, 2.3300781, 2.3339844],
           [2.4511719, 2.4433594, 2.4316406, 2.3769531, 2.3652344, 2.3847656,
            2.4550781, 2.4394531, 2.4394531, 2.4277344, 2.4472656, 2.4550781,
            2.4511719, 2.4550781, 2.4355469],
           [2.4394531, 2.4394531, 2.4238281, 2.4121094, 2.4121094, 2.4160156,
            2.4238281, 2.4238281, 2.4238281, 2.4238281, 2.4277344, 2.4394531,
            2.4316406, 2.4394531, 2.4316406],
           [2.3417969, 2.3457031, 2.3496094, 2.3261719, 2.3144531, 2.3339844,
            2.3613281, 2.3691406, 2.3691406, 2.3574219, 2.3730469, 2.3691406,
            2.3730469, 2.3691406, 2.3769531],
           [2.4238281, 2.4199219, 2.4238281, 2.4003906, 2.4082031, 2.4082031,
            2.4355469, 2.4394531, 2.4433594, 2.4316406, 2.4433594, 2.4433594,
            2.4433594, 2.4433594, 2.4472656],
           [2.4160156, 2.4199219, 2.4238281, 2.4160156, 2.4160156, 2.4160156,
            2.4199219, 2.4121094, 2.4199219, 2.4238281, 2.4355469, 2.4316406,
            2.4355469, 2.4316406, 2.4394531],
           [2.3496094, 2.3535156, 2.3574219, 2.3496094, 2.3496094, 2.3457031,
            2.3652344, 2.3691406, 2.3691406, 2.3652344, 2.3691406, 2.3574219,
            2.3652344, 2.3652344, 2.3691406],
           [2.2402344, 2.2480469, 2.2597656, 2.2519531, 2.2480469, 2.2441406,
            2.2324219, 2.2363281, 2.2402344, 2.2675781, 2.2675781, 2.2753906,
            2.2792969, 2.2871094, 2.2949219],
           [2.0917969, 2.0996094, 2.0996094, 2.1035156, 2.0917969, 2.0878906,
            2.0957031, 2.0878906, 2.0917969, 2.0996094, 2.1035156, 2.1152344,
            2.1113281, 2.1269531, 2.1230469]], dtype=float32)

  • wdfreq
    (sector, point)
    float32
    0.06445 0.06485 ... 0.07584 0.0792

    description :

    Frequency of occurance for each wind direction bin/sector

    long_name :

    Relative frequency per wind_direction over time and wind_speed

    short_name :

    wd_bin_freq

    units :

    `1`

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([[0.06444862, 0.06485299, 0.06317339, 0.06862742, 0.06476679,
            0.0665741 , 0.05212801, 0.05005047, 0.05013362, 0.06089525,
            0.05643901, 0.06119729, 0.06087112, 0.06561836, 0.0626421 ],
           [0.04199099, 0.04123286, 0.03927127, 0.04061623, 0.03803958,
            0.03973579, 0.03547162, 0.03359501, 0.03460548, 0.03756285,
            0.0360256 , 0.04167457, 0.03930893, 0.04284493, 0.03982813],
           [0.05135979, 0.04864726, 0.04672266, 0.04256601, 0.04109593,
            0.04272294, 0.04938238, 0.04802262, 0.04899735, 0.04660282,
            0.04801329, 0.05202573, 0.04972542, 0.05109156, 0.04789046],
           [0.06683769, 0.06490011, 0.06447755, 0.0582089 , 0.05879785,
            0.05933802, 0.07879263, 0.08007662, 0.08119826, 0.06597414,
            0.07192094, 0.07028547, 0.0688589 , 0.06531873, 0.06588068],
           [0.08274931, 0.08349051, 0.08665015, 0.08250142, 0.08683091,
            0.08410539, 0.09776472, 0.10272096, 0.10041489, 0.09003343,
            0.09505467, 0.08401719, 0.08727617, 0.08092344, 0.0859474 ],
           [0.0848095 , 0.08907896, 0.09341083, 0.10114487, 0.10557895,
            0.10102884, 0.08310574, 0.0838693 , 0.08262907, 0.09383692,
            0.08852326, 0.0824836 , 0.08687789, 0.08503616, 0.09010842],
           [0.09711711, 0.10180552, 0.10203878, 0.11521962, 0.11123157,
            0.11117424, 0.08070892, 0.07835186, 0.07854526, 0.09902394,
            0.09078431, 0.09621445, 0.09711072, 0.10286763, 0.10272108],
           [0.1284188 , 0.1255855 , 0.11968862, 0.11870839, 0.11186592,
            0.11611157, 0.10632131, 0.10165955, 0.10339103, 0.11527961,
            0.11092551, 0.12527283, 0.12088069, 0.13047624, 0.12199917],
           [0.1176608 , 0.11199206, 0.10758699, 0.0978208 , 0.09464081,
            0.0990072 , 0.11940555, 0.11623624, 0.11863913, 0.10717084,
            0.11257047, 0.11986895, 0.11449721, 0.11515363, 0.10995312],
           [0.10125782, 0.09833781, 0.09947246, 0.08918487, 0.09331291,
            0.09402158, 0.12590909, 0.1307089 , 0.13055573, 0.10350545,
            0.11443757, 0.10588483, 0.10636882, 0.09908063, 0.10122517],
           [0.08750662, 0.0900062 , 0.09482912, 0.09247579, 0.098878  ,
            0.09528396, 0.10058174, 0.10504586, 0.1021366 , 0.09855045,
            0.10013029, 0.08832329, 0.09250794, 0.08574953, 0.0926073 ],
           [0.07584296, 0.08007023, 0.0826781 , 0.09292575, 0.09496095,
            0.09089641, 0.07042825, 0.06966262, 0.06875348, 0.0815642 ,
            0.07517512, 0.07275178, 0.07571619, 0.07583916, 0.07919691]],
          dtype=float32)

  • site_elev
    (point)
    float32
    459.7 460.0 460.0 ... 520.0 520.0

    description :

    height above sea level of a point on the surface of an orographic element e.g. hill, mountain

    long_name :

    Terrain Elevation

    standard_name :

    ground_level_altitude

    units :

    m

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([459.72537, 460.     , 460.     , 427.09897, 418.06314, 402.67352,
           464.16937, 477.34885, 490.     , 460.20282, 511.47885, 520.     ,
           520.     , 520.     , 520.     ], dtype=float32)

  • air_density
    (point)
    float32
    1.163 1.163 1.163 ... 1.156 1.156

    source_file :

    10yr_mean_rhoinp_ERA5v1.nc

    description :

    The density of air or atmospheric density, is the mass per unit volume of Earth's atmosphere.

    long_name :

    Air Density

    standard_name :

    air_density

    units :

    kg m-3

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([1.1628573, 1.1628251, 1.1628251, 1.1666733, 1.1677318, 1.1695372,
           1.1623389, 1.1608001, 1.1593257, 1.1628015, 1.1568248, 1.155834 ,
           1.155834 , 1.155834 , 1.155834 ], dtype=float32)

  • wspd
    (point)
    float32
    7.435 7.257 6.978 ... 7.818 8.102

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    description :

    Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity.

    long_name :

    Horizontal Wind Speed

    short_name :

    wd_bin_freq

    standard_name :

    wind_speed

    units :

    m s-1

    array([7.4345527, 7.2570486, 6.977797 , 7.0801024, 7.292285 , 7.3895383,
           7.2422657, 7.6371684, 7.762244 , 6.760848 , 7.289495 , 7.6083307,
           7.5483627, 7.8177657, 8.102174 ], dtype=float32)

  • power_density
    (point)
    float32
    414.6 385.4 340.9 ... 481.9 532.1

    source_file :

    10yr_mean_rhoinp_ERA5v1.nc

    standard_name :

    air_density

    units :

    W m-2

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    short_name :

    wd_bin_freq

    description :

    Power density is the amount of power available in the flow per unit surface

    long_name :

    Mean power density of the wind speed

    array([414.62817, 385.35376, 340.92947, 368.95346, 400.08417, 415.04465,
           377.0737 , 444.9551 , 465.75122, 308.533  , 381.1908 , 438.439  ,
           426.12595, 481.85272, 532.0971 ], dtype=float32)

• Attributes: (10)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  history :

  2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 create_dataset( 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 _spatial_stack(output_locs, self.elev_map.crs).load() 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 _spatial_unstack(work_locs) 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 topo_map.get_site_effects(output_locs, conf, n_sectors=n_sectors) 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 wksp._spatial_stack(site_effects) 2026-01-29T14:38:54+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 wksp._spatial_unstack(wc) 2026-01-29T14:38:54+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 add_met_fields(wc) 2026-01-29T14:38:54+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 func(*args, **kwargs) 2026-01-29T14:38:54+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 func(*args, **kwargs)

  title :

  WAsP site effects

  Package name :

  windkit

  Package version :

  2.0.0

  Creation date :

  2026-01-29T14:38:54+00:00

  Object type :

  Met fields

  author :

  Neil Davis

  author_email :

  neda@dtu.dk

  institution :

  DTU Wind and Energy Systems

Calculate AEP

Load the turbine model and calculate gross annual energy production:

wtg = wk.read_wtg(path / "Bonus1MW.wtg")
aep = pw.gross_aep(wwc, wtg)
aep

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 2kB
Dimensions:           (point: 15, sector: 12)
Coordinates:
    height            (point) int64 120B 50 50 50 50 50 50 ... 50 50 50 50 50 50
    south_north       (point) int64 120B 4622313 4622199 ... 4624252 4624142
    west_east         (point) int64 120B 513914 514161 514425 ... 516060 516295
    turbine_id        (point) int64 120B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
    group_id          (point) int64 120B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    wtg_key           (point) object 120B 'Bonus 1MW' ... 'Bonus 1MW'
  * sector            (sector) float64 96B 0.0 30.0 60.0 ... 270.0 300.0 330.0
    sector_ceil       (sector) float64 96B 15.0 45.0 75.0 ... 285.0 315.0 345.0
    sector_floor      (sector) float64 96B 345.0 15.0 45.0 ... 255.0 285.0 315.0
    crs               int8 1B 0
Dimensions without coordinates: point
Data variables:
    gross_aep         (point) float32 60B 2.797 2.661 2.449 ... 3.064 3.278
    gross_aep_sector  (point, sector) float32 720B 0.1428 0.08569 ... 0.2184
Attributes:
    Conventions:      CF-1.8
    history:          2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00:\twindkit==2.0.0\tcreate_data...
    title:            WAsP site effects
    Package name:     windkit
    Package version:  2.0.0
    Creation date:    2026-01-29T14:38:54+00:00
    Object type:      Anual Energy Production
    author:           Neil Davis
    author_email:     neda@dtu.dk
    institution:      DTU Wind and Energy Systems

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • point: 15
  • sector: 12
• Coordinates: (10)
  • height
    (point)
    int64
    50 50 50 50 50 ... 50 50 50 50 50

    URI :

    axis :

    Z

    description :

    It is the height above ground either related to the measurements or to the hub of a turbine.

    long_name :

    Height above ground

    standard_name :

    height

    units :

    m

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50])

  • south_north
    (point)
    int64
    4622313 4622199 ... 4624252 4624142

    URI :

    axis :

    Y

    description :

    Positive northward direction in projected coordinates (meters).

    long_name :

    Projected south to north coordinate

    standard_name :

    projection_y_coordinate

    units :

    m

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([4622313, 4622199, 4622336, 4622733, 4622683, 4622617, 4621743,
           4622164, 4622558, 4622605, 4623662, 4624074, 4624146, 4624252,
           4624142])

  • west_east
    (point)
    int64
    513914 514161 ... 516060 516295

    URI :

    axis :

    X

    description :

    Positive eastward direction in projected coordinates (meters).

    long_name :

    Projected west to east coordinate

    standard_name :

    projection_x_coordinate

    units :

    m

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([513914, 514161, 514425, 513537, 513295, 513058, 515340, 515892,
           515988, 514808, 515711, 515550, 515808, 516060, 516295])

  • turbine_id
    (point)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14])

  • group_id
    (point)
    int64
    0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])

  • wtg_key
    (point)
    object
    'Bonus 1MW' ... 'Bonus 1MW'

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array(['Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW',
           'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW',
           'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW', 'Bonus 1MW'],
          dtype=object)

  • sector
    (sector)
    float64
    0.0 30.0 60.0 ... 270.0 300.0 330.0

    ancillary_variables :

    sector_ceil sector_floor

    description :

    A sector identifies a given range of wind directions binned around a central value , in a wind rose, to classify where the wind blows from.

    long_name :

    Wind direction binned into sectors (center value)

    standard_name :

    wind_from_direction

    units :

    degree

    array([  0.,  30.,  60.,  90., 120., 150., 180., 210., 240., 270., 300., 330.])

  • sector_ceil
    (sector)
    float64
    15.0 45.0 75.0 ... 315.0 345.0

    description :

    The sector ceiling is the bin edge value in clockwise direction.

    long_name :

    Wind direction binned into sectors (clockwise edge value)

    standard_name :

    wind_from_direction

    units :

    degree

    array([ 15.,  45.,  75., 105., 135., 165., 195., 225., 255., 285., 315.,
           345.])

  • sector_floor
    (sector)
    float64
    345.0 15.0 45.0 ... 285.0 315.0

    description :

    The sector floor is the bin edge value in counter-clockwise direction.

    long_name :

    Wind direction binned into sectors (counter-clockwise edge value)

    standard_name :

    wind_from_direction

    units :

    degree

    array([345.,  15.,  45.,  75., 105., 135., 165., 195., 225., 255., 285.,
           315.])

  • crs
    ()
    int8
    0

    crs_wkt :

    PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 29N",BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",ENSEMBLE["World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble",MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (Transit)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G730)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G873)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G1150)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G1674)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G1762)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G2139)"],MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G2296)"],ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],ENSEMBLEACCURACY[2.0]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],ID["EPSG",4326]],CONVERSION["UTM zone 29N",METHOD["Transverse Mercator",ID["EPSG",9807]],PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],ID["EPSG",8801]],PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",-9,ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],ID["EPSG",8802]],PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,SCALEUNIT["unity",1],ID["EPSG",8805]],PARAMETER["False easting",500000,LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],ID["EPSG",8806]],PARAMETER["False northing",0,LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],ID["EPSG",8807]]],CS[Cartesian,2],AXIS["(E)",east,ORDER[1],LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],AXIS["(N)",north,ORDER[2],LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],USAGE[SCOPE["Navigation and medium accuracy spatial referencing."],AREA["Between 12°W and 6°W, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Algeria. Côte D'Ivoire (Ivory Coast). Faroe Islands. Guinea. Ireland. Jan Mayen. Liberia, Mali. Mauritania. Morocco. Portugal. Sierra Leone. Spain. United Kingdom (UK). Western Sahara."],BBOX[0,-12.01,84.01,-6]],ID["EPSG",32629]]

    semi_major_axis :

    6378137.0

    semi_minor_axis :

    6356752.314245179

    inverse_flattening :

    298.257223563

    reference_ellipsoid_name :

    WGS 84

    longitude_of_prime_meridian :

    0.0

    prime_meridian_name :

    Greenwich

    geographic_crs_name :

    WGS 84

    horizontal_datum_name :

    World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble

    projected_crs_name :

    WGS 84 / UTM zone 29N

    grid_mapping_name :

    transverse_mercator

    latitude_of_projection_origin :

    0.0

    longitude_of_central_meridian :

    -9.0

    false_easting :

    500000.0

    false_northing :

    0.0

    scale_factor_at_central_meridian :

    0.9996

    long_name :

    CRS definition

    spatial_ref :

    PROJCS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 29N",GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]],PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],PARAMETER["central_meridian",-9],PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],PARAMETER["false_northing",0],UNIT["metre",1,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]],AXIS["Easting",EAST],AXIS["Northing",NORTH],AUTHORITY["EPSG","32629"]]

    array(0, dtype=int8)

• Data variables: (2)
  • gross_aep
    (point)
    float32
    2.797 2.661 2.449 ... 3.064 3.278

    description :

    Gross annual energy production, without considering wake effects.

    long_name :

    Gross annual energy production

    standard_name :

    gross_aep

    units :

    GWh

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([2.796681 , 2.6609669, 2.449184 , 2.533366 , 2.69785  , 2.7751775,
           2.6536148, 2.9506207, 3.042525 , 2.2848113, 2.681078 , 2.914714 ,
           2.8718677, 3.0638168, 3.2777245], dtype=float32)

  • gross_aep_sector
    (point, sector)
    float32
    0.1428 0.08569 ... 0.2732 0.2184

    description :

    Gross annual energy production, without considering wake effects.

    long_name :

    Gross annual energy production per wind direction sector

    standard_name :

    gross_aep_sector

    units :

    GWh

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    array([[0.14284502, 0.08569113, 0.09226379, 0.13063942, 0.2166632 ,
            0.2578971 , 0.37897912, 0.4888758 , 0.3839116 , 0.28308162,
            0.18887219, 0.14696074],
           [0.1423561 , 0.07685616, 0.07491603, 0.11158592, 0.209376  ,
            0.2709111 , 0.39333165, 0.44284347, 0.32671806, 0.2547128 ,
            0.19285455, 0.16450511],
           [0.12439492, 0.06105514, 0.05906653, 0.10082214, 0.20841928,
            0.27910572, 0.36339822, 0.37045255, 0.2733392 , 0.24100874,
            0.19977723, 0.16834442],
           [0.15016954, 0.06269135, 0.0462559 , 0.07705175, 0.20543958,
            0.34834707, 0.45629758, 0.37351266, 0.23197965, 0.17808758,
            0.19787048, 0.20566274],
           [0.14221215, 0.05602342, 0.04449912, 0.09056432, 0.24519254,
            0.39255887, 0.43680897, 0.3435992 , 0.23081401, 0.22243734,
            0.25409973, 0.23904042],
           [0.15019932, 0.06285331, 0.05262071, 0.0943585 , 0.23273674,
            0.36348498, 0.4486648 , 0.39539102, 0.27336156, 0.23999321,
            0.23825468, 0.22325876],
           [0.08028779, 0.05000314, 0.08242454, 0.18189065, 0.27777702,
            0.21616842, 0.21892199, 0.3022786 , 0.38568926, 0.43789023,
    ...
            0.25039914, 0.23024331, 0.32210925, 0.4335815 , 0.5195518 ,
            0.3158916 , 0.15277483],
           [0.10596469, 0.0493804 , 0.05143048, 0.09563466, 0.21236816,
            0.26291406, 0.3183677 , 0.32518268, 0.2659359 , 0.24498364,
            0.20563681, 0.1470119 ],
           [0.09963518, 0.05333185, 0.07103647, 0.14099143, 0.27712303,
            0.27408984, 0.30149627, 0.35452697, 0.35139436, 0.34213448,
            0.25741383, 0.15790409],
           [0.13030323, 0.08537595, 0.09956364, 0.14293063, 0.23702565,
            0.2522916 , 0.37267542, 0.49784404, 0.42666712, 0.3048506 ,
            0.20986776, 0.15531865],
           [0.13150406, 0.07180496, 0.08385006, 0.1305548 , 0.25597426,
            0.27959684, 0.37200773, 0.45130983, 0.38311678, 0.31161863,
            0.23079415, 0.16973554],
           [0.16425896, 0.0887458 , 0.08869458, 0.11878895, 0.23107702,
            0.28587654, 0.43916607, 0.5519496 , 0.41472387, 0.28910667,
            0.21014002, 0.18128864],
           [0.16281135, 0.07901844, 0.07917953, 0.13203575, 0.28554934,
            0.3420502 , 0.45540735, 0.5133652 , 0.40688354, 0.32990214,
            0.27315816, 0.21836358]], dtype=float32)

• Attributes: (10)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  history :

  2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 create_dataset( 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 _spatial_stack(output_locs, self.elev_map.crs).load() 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 _spatial_unstack(work_locs) 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 topo_map.get_site_effects(output_locs, conf, n_sectors=n_sectors) 2026-01-29T14:38:53+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 wksp._spatial_stack(site_effects) 2026-01-29T14:38:54+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 wksp._spatial_unstack(wc) 2026-01-29T14:38:54+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 add_met_fields(wc) 2026-01-29T14:38:54+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 func(*args, **kwargs) 2026-01-29T14:38:54+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 func(*args, **kwargs) 2026-01-29T14:38:54+00:00: windkit==2.0.0 return _gross_aep(

  title :

  WAsP site effects

  Package name :

  windkit

  Package version :

  2.0.0

  Creation date :

  2026-01-29T14:38:54+00:00

  Object type :

  Anual Energy Production

  author :

  Neil Davis

  author_email :

  neda@dtu.dk

  institution :

  DTU Wind and Energy Systems

total_aep = float(aep["gross_aep"].sum())
print(f"Total gross AEP: {total_aep:.2f} GWh")

Total gross AEP: 41.65 GWh

---

Next Steps

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